Anatomy Mnemonics PART 2

Vagal Nerve Path Into Thorax 

“Not Left Behind”: Left is anterior (not behind), Right is

posterior

Lung Vessels

“RALS”: Right lung artery is Anterior to broncus, Left lung

artery is Superior to broncus

Anatomy Mnemonics PART 1

Diaphragm apertures: spinal levels

Aortic hiatus = 12 letters = T12

Oesophagus = 10 letters = T10

Vena cava = 8 letters = T8

Normal adult 12-lead ECG

The diagnosis of the normal electrocardiogram is made by excluding any recognised abnormality. It's description is therefore quite lengthy.

• normal sinus rhythm
  • each P wave is followed by a QRS
  • P waves normal for the subject
  • P wave rate 60 - 100 bpm with <10% variation
    • rate <60 = sinus bradycardia
    • rate >100 = sinus tachycardia
    • variation >10% = sinus arrhythmia

Physiologic Changes During Pregnancy

Increases

Blood volume, heart rate, and cardiac output rise by 35% to 50%, peak at 32 weeks' gestation; further increase by 20% in twin pregnancies
Alkaline phosphatase levels rise three- to fourfold because of placental production
Clotting factors I, II, V, VII, VIII, X, and XII
Ceruloplasmin level
Transferrin level

Normal Lab Values

Albumin 3.2 - 5 g/dl
Alkaline phosphatase
(Adults: 25-60) 33 - 131 IU/L
Adults > 61 yo: 51 - 153 IU/L
Ammonia 20 - 70 mcg/dl
Bilirubin, direct 0 - 0.3 mg/dl
Bilirubin, total 0.1 - 1.2 mg/dl
Blood Gases
Arterial Venous
pH 7.35 - 7.45 7.32 - 7.42
pCO2 35 - 45 38 - 52
pO2 70 - 100 28 - 48
HCO3 19 - 25 19 - 25
O2 Sat % 90 - 95 40 - 70

ANATOMY High Yield Points

ANATOMY important points from GENERAL ANATOMY

• Flexion and extension takes place in sagittal section
• Adduction and abduction take place in coronal section
• Dermis is thinner on anterior surfaces of body as compared to posterior surfaces.
• Appendages of skin are nails, hair follicles, sebaceous and sweat glands.
• Hair follicles are invaginations of epidermis into the dermis.
• Arrector pili are the bands of smooth muscles that that connect the undersurface of hair follicle to the superficial part of dermis. Dimpling of skin called gooseflesh is due to the the pull of the is arrector pili muscle. It causes contraction of sebaceous gland and its secretion.
• Sebaceous glands lie within the dermis and pour their secretion, the sebem ONTO the shaft of hairs.